"ArticleMonitoringofLandscapeTrans" De Chino Traducir
【 Español 】
ArticleMonitoringofLandscapeTransformationswithinLandscapeParksinPolandinthe21stCenturyPiotrKrajewskiDepartmentofLandManagement,WroclawUniversityofEnvironmentalandLifeSciences,50-375Wroclaw,Poland;piotr.krajewski@upwr.edu.pl;Tel.:+48-660-709-433Received:21February2019;Accepted:18April2019;Published:23April2019Abstract:OneofthemostproblematicformsofnatureprotectioninPolandrelatestolandscapeparks.Theyincludethemostvaluablelandscapes,buttheareaswithinthelandscapeparkstillhaveeconomicuses.Therefore,themonitoringoflandscapechangeswithinlandscapeparksisnecessaryinordertoproperlymanagetheseformsofprotection.ThemainobjectiveofthestudywastomonitorthescaleandnatureoflandscapetransformationswithintheboundariesoflandscapeparksinPolandduringtheperiod2000–2018andtoassessthepossibilityofusingthelandscapechangeindex(LCI)tomonitortheintensityoflandscapetransformationswithinthistypeofprotectedarea.PreliminaryanalysesofthetransformationswithinalllandscapeparksinPolandshowedanupwardtrend,bothintermsofthenumberoftypesofidentifiedlandscapechangesaswellastheirarea.Inspiteofthelargediversityanddegreeoftransformationinlandscapeparks,severaldominantprocessescanbeobserved.Thelargestnumberandareaofchangesduringeachoftheanalyzedperiodswerefoundintransformationswithinforestlandscapes(temporaryandpermanentdeforestationandforestmaturation),whichconstitutethedominanttypeoflandcoverwithinmostofthelandscapeparks.Inopenlandscapes,changesmainlyrelatetoafforestationandnaturalsuccessioninmeadows,pastures,andarableland,aswellasthetransformationofarablelandintominingareas.Twelvecasestudies,coveringalllandscapeparksinLowerSilesia,haveshownthattheLCIisanexcellenttoolformonitoringtheintensityoflandscapechanges,butitisdependentontheaccuracyofthesourcedata.Theanalysesconfirmedthat,duringthestudyperiods,thechangesinall12LowerSilesianlandscapeparkswereatalowlevel,buttheirparticularintensificationtookplaceintheyearsfrom2012to2018.ThehighestLCIwasfoundintheareawhereanaturaldisasterhadoccurred(airtornado),whichdestroyedhugeareasofforestinlandscapeparks.Afterchangesintheforestlandscape,themostfrequentlyidentifiedtypeofchangein2006–2012wasthetransformationofnon-forestlandscapesintoforestlandscapes.Themainreasonforsuchchangeswastheexpansionofforestintoabandonedarableland,meadows,andpastures.TheuseoftheCorineLandCoverdatabasetocalculatetheLCIandmonitortheintensityoflandscapechangerevealedalowusabilityofthedatabasefortheyear2000andahighusabilityfordatafrom2006to2018.Keywords:landscapechange;landscapechangeindex;landscapedynamics;landusechange;landcoverchange;landscapeecology1.IntroductionFormanyyears,manhasbeenconsideredtobethemostimportantdrivingforcebehindchangesinthelandscape[1,2].Especiallyonthelocalscale,theimpactofhumanactivityonthelandscapeisdirectlyfelt,perceived,andevaluatedbylocalcommunities[3].Inmanypartsoftheworld,thechangesaresostrongthattheycauseacompletechangeinthecharacterofthelandscapeordegradationofitsvalues[4–6].Anthropogenicchanges,determinedmainlybytechnological,social,cultural,political,andspatialprocesses,arementionedasthemaindriversoflandscapechangesonaglobalscale[7].Sustainability2019,11,2410;doi:10.3390/su11082410www.mdpi.com/journal/sustainabilitySustainability2019,11,24102of22Ontheregionalorlocalscale,differencesineconomicdevelopment,urbanizationprocesses,andawarenessoftheneedtoprotectthesemostvaluablelandscapescausesignificantdisproportionsontheleveloflandscapetransformationstocontinuetoexist,andeventobedeepened[8].Inrecentyears,asignificantintensificationoflandscapechanges[9]andincreasingtouristpressureonareaswithvaluablelandscapevalues[10]havebeenobserved.Landscapetransformationsareobservedallovertheworld,especiallyinthedevelopingcountriesofAsiaandSouthAmerica,aswellasincountriesofCentralandEasternEurope,includingPoland.Thefallofcommunismwasthebeginningofnotonlypoliticalandculturaltransformations,butalsoanewstageoflandscapedevelopmentinPoland[11,12].AnotherimportantstimulusforlandscapetransformationwasPoland’saccessiontotheEuropeanUnionandtheactivationofsignificantfundsfortheimprovementofthetransportsystem,reconstructionofdegradedareas,andprotectionofvaluablelandscapesorsubsidiesforafforestedlandwithweakersoils[13,14].Theresponsetotheaccelerationofchanges,inthecontextofEuropeanlandscapes,wastheEuropeanLandscapeConvention,adoptedinFlorencein2000,whichemphasizedthatlandscapeisanimportantpartofpeople’squalityoflifeandrequiresconstantmonitoring,notingitschanges,andanalysisoftheforcesandpressurestransformingit[15].Poland,asoneofthesignatoriesoftheconvention(ratificationofthedocumenttookplacein2004),alsoundertooktotakeactioninthisdirection[16].Inordertoprotectthemostvaluablelandscapesagainstthreatsfromman,nationalinstitutions,createdforthepurposeofnatureandlandscapeprotection,establishedvariousformsofprotectionwithrestrictionsinplacetohaltprogressingchanges.Landscapeparksconstituteonesuchform,whichapartfromnationalparks,areoneofthemostimportantformsoflandscapeprotectioninPoland.Atthesametime,theyconstituteoneofthemostcontroversialformsofprotection.Ontheonehand,anumberofprohibitionsareinforcehere,whichareintendedtolimitnegativelandscapetransformations.Ontheotherhand,theseareasarestillineconomicuseandaresubjecttothesameeconomic,demographic,orculturalchangesasneighboringareas.Intensivechangesinagriculture,productiontechniques,forestry,constructionorindustry,transportandtourismmanagement,andonawiderscale,intheworldeconomyhaveresultedintheneedtomonitorthelandscapeandstudyitschangesbeingdiscussedmoreandmoreoften[17,18].Changesareanalyzed,bothinrelationtourbanandsuburbanlandscapes[19,20],agriculturalandforestlandscapes[21–23],orprotectedareas[24–26].Itisworthnotingthat,asaresultofmoreandmoreintensivelandscapechanges,themainobjectiveoflandscapechangeresearchhaschanged.Adescriptiveapproach,involvingonlythedocumentationofchangesinthelandscape,isgraduallybeingreplacedbyananalyticalapproach[27].Theidentificationofchangeshasbecomeinsufficientandattemptstosearchforandunderstandtheforcesbehindspecificlandscapetransformationsortodevelopnewindicatorsdeterminingthedegreeoflandscapetransformationsarepopularobjectivesofresearch.Inthiscontext,threebasicapproachestoresearchonlandscapechangescanbeidentified.Thefirstgroupincludesbroadstudiesontheidentificationofspatialandtemporallandscapechanges.Thesearemainlycomparativeanalysesofmapsfromdifferentperiods,oftenusinglandscapemetricsasbasicindicatorsforidentifyingchangesinthelandscape[28–31].Thesecondgroupincludesresearchonattemptstoidentifyandunderstandtheprocessesandforcesthatinfluencedthefurtherdirectionoflandscapedevelopment—theso-calleddrivingforcesoflandscapechanges[7].Thistypeofresearchincludestypicalindividualcasestudiesatthelocalandregionallevelfromdifferentpartsoftheworld[32–35],comparativestudiesonalargernumberofcasestudies[27]orlarge-scaleareas[36],andmeta-analyses[37,38]aimedatidentifyingthemaintrendsthatresultfromtheresearchpublishedsofarinthisfield.Theidentificationoflandscapechangesisusuallythefirststageofsuchanalysis;itprovidesdatatoidentifythedrivingforcesoflandscapechanges.Inthethirdgroup,therearestudiesonindicatorsfordeterminingtheintensityoflandscapetransformations.AldwaikandPontiuspresentedacomprehensiveapproachtoresearchtheintensityoflandusetransformations[39].Inpartofthestudy,completelynewindicators[40,41]areproposed,mainlybasedonchangesintheareaoccupiedbyvariouslandscapecomponents.Landscapechangestudiesareincreasinglyusedindecisionsupportsystemsforspatialchange[42].Thevaluationoflandscapeservices[43,44],derivedSustainability2019,11,24103of22fromresearchonecosystemservices,maysoonbecomeanewdirectioninresearchonthedynamicsoflandscapechanges.However,thedevelopmentofmethodsinthisareaisnecessaryinordertobeabletoassessandmonitortheimpactofidentifiedlandscapetransformationsintermsofthevalueofservicesprovidedbyspecifictypesoflandscapes.ThemaingoalsofthestudyweretodeterminethescaleandnatureoflandscapetransformationswithintheboundariesoflandscapeparksinPolandduringtheperiod2000–2018andtoassessthepossibilityofusingthelandscapechangeindex(LCI)tomonitortheintensityoflandscapetransformationswithinthistypeofprotectedarea.Threespecificobjectivesweredefinedaskeymilestonesoftheresearch:(1)DeterminationofthescaleoflandscapetransformationsandpreparingaclassificationoflandscapechangeswithinlandscapeparksinPolandonthebasisofcomparativeanalysesoflandcovermapsfor2000,2006,2012,and2018for123landscapeparksinPolandbyusingtheCorineLandCover(CLC)database.(2)DeterminationoftheLCIandevaluationoftheusefulnessoftheCLCdatabaseforthispurposeontheexampleof12landscapeparksfromtheLowerSilesiaregion,whichincludedbothlowland,highland,andmountainlandscapeparks.(3)Verificationofchangesinthelandscapeonthebasisofmethodsusedinsocialsciences.Thisarticleproposedtofillagapinthelandscapechangeresearchregardingthelackofindicatorsenablingtheeasymonitoringoftheintensityoflandscapetransformations.ThepossibilityofusingtheLCIinreferencetotheexampleoflandscapeparksintheLowerSilesiaregioninPolandhavebeenverified.Threemainmethodologicalchallengeshavebeenaddressed:(1)theindicatormustbesimpleenoughtoenablethequickdeterminationoftheleveloflandscapechangesduringtheanalyzedperiod;(2)theindicatormustbebasedongenerallyavailableandcyclicallypublisheddata;and(3)theindicatormustbeuniversalenoughtobeusedfordifferenttypesofareas.Thedevelopedlandscapechangeindexisbasedontheassumptionthatboththelossandincreaseintheareaofeachelementoflandcovercausesachangeinthelandscape.Sincetheanalyseswerebasedmainlyondataonlandcover,whichdonotindicatewhetherchangesinlandscapeaffectedthewayofperceivingit,theyweresupplementedbyindividualoralinterviewswithagroupofexperts—fieldworkersdirectlymanagingandimplementingprotectiontasksintheareaofparticularlandscapeparks.Inordertofullyunderstandthescopeoflandscapetransformations,theproposedapproachcombinestechniquesusedinlandusechangeresearchandsocialsciences[45].Thisisinlinewithcurrenttrendsinscientificresearchinthefieldoflandscapechanges[46–48].Searchingforanindicatorthatwillmakeitpossibletoevaluatethedynamicsoflandscap
【 Chino 】
第21条波兰弗罗茨瓦夫大学环境与生命科学学院21世纪城市管理系，环境与生命科学，50-375弗罗茨瓦夫，波兰；彼得。krajewski@upwr.edu.pl;电话：+48-660-709-433Received:21February2019;在ccepted:18April2019;页：1ublished:23April2019一个bstract:OneofthemostproblematicformsofnatureprotectioninPolandrelatestolandscapeparks.Theyincludethemostvaluablelandscapes，但在没有风景的情况下仍然有经济效益。他们的主要目标是在2000年至2018年期间，研究和评估将景观和景观变化指数（LCI）纳入景观和景观变化指数（LCI）的可能性。初步分析了国内外景观公园的改造情况，认为景观公园的改造既有数量上的改造，又有数量上的改造，既有景观上的改造，既有景观上的改造，又有景观上的改造，既有景观上的改造，又有景观上的改造。观察到了几个主要的过程，其中最大的变化区域是分析期的变化区域，即森林景观的边界转换（临时和永久性毁林和森林成熟），这些变化构成了最常见的景观方框中最常见的景观覆盖类型。12个案例研究，涵盖了整个景观市场和下大学，表明它们是监测其内容和景观变化的极好工具，但这些变化取决于每一个治疗方法的有效性。在这些研究期间，这些变化将导致12个较低的横向景观公园变宽，但关节强化在2012年至2018年期间发生。它们是自然灾害（龙卷风）发生的最重要的地区，它摧毁了森林景观公园。在改变了景观之后，2006-2012年最常确定的变化类型是非森林景观向森林景观的转化。他们主要是因为这些变化是对森林、草地、荒地、草地和和牧场。他们使用的是土壤和覆盖的数据库，当地的土壤和植被监测，当地的土壤和植被的变化显示了2000年数据库的可用性，以及2006年至2018年数据库的高可用性。eywords:landscapechange;景观变化指数；景观动力学；土地利用变化；土地覆盖变化；景观生态学1.多年来，许多人一直被认为是景观变化背后最重要的驱动力[1,2]。特别是在地方尺度上，他们对景观的影响人类活动直接感受到、感知到并受到当地社区的重视[3]。这些变化是强大的，因为它们会导致景观梯度值特征的完全变化[4-6]。人为变化，主要由技术、社会、文化、政治和空间过程决定，这些领域是景观变化的主要驱动力全球尺度[7]。可持续性2019,112410；doi:10.3390/su11082410www.mdpi.com/journal/sustainabilitySustainability2019，1124102022区域或地方规模，不同的经济发展，城市化进程，安达卢西亚的经济保护和社会保护分配景观变化的内涵[9]和增加具有宝贵景观价值的旅游压力[10]已经得到了服务。世界各地都在观察景观变化，特别是亚洲和南美洲的发展中国家，以及中欧和东欧的国家，包括波兰。社区的衰落始于不典型的政治和文化转型，但新阶段的发展在波兰[11,12]。景观转型的另一个重要刺激因素是波兰与其他欧洲国家的融合和重大资金的积极性，以及运输系统的改进、重建和扩张，与保护有价值的景观或土壤贫瘠的绿化景观有关[13,14]。因此，其他加速变化，包括欧洲大陆景观、欧洲大陆景观和景观，于2000年通过，这导致了景观成为人们素质的重要组成部分，需要不断监测、注意变化，波兰，由于地理位置和气候变化（2004年批准了该文件），也因该方向的行动而受到影响[16]。未能保护最宝贵的景观免受来自人类、国家机构、自然和景观保护的威胁，建立各种形式的保护，但不受限制，不受位置和进度的限制。景观市场是一个组织结构，它与国家公园不同，通常是景观保护的重要组成部分。在其他地区，这些地区仍然是经济、人口、兰花文化变化和邻近地区的目标。集约化农业、生产技术、林业、建筑业、交通和旅游管理，以及更广泛的范围，在世界范围内，经济已经产生了许多变化，包括监测、景观和研究的变化，这些变化往往是相互交叉的[17,18]。分析了变化，包括关系旅游和郊区景观[19,20]、农业和森林景观[21-23]、保护区[24-26]。如果没有变化，则会产生更多和更密集的景观变化，景观变化研究的主要目标已经改变。适当的描述方法，包括景观变化的文献，它们对变化的识别是不够的，因为它们试图研究和理解特定的景观信息或开发终止景观信息程度的新指标是搜索的普遍目标。在这种情况下，三个基本的方法是确定景观格局。第一组是道路研究，包括空间和时间景观变化的种族化。这些小组包括研究人员试图识别和理解过程和力量，这些过程和力量影响了景观发展的进一步方向——这些所谓的驱动力和景观变化[7]。这种类型的研究包括典型的个人研究、地方研究和地理不同地区的水平[32-35]、比较研究、数字研究[27]或ARGE量表[36]和荟萃分析[37,38]旨在确定该领域搜索结果的主要趋势。它提供了一个数据库来识别景观变化的驱动力。在hirdgroup中，有一些研究指标来确定它们的内涵和景观转换。aldwaikandpontius compresentedapproachtoresearchtheintensityoflandstransformations[39]。在部分研究中，提出了完整的ynewindicators[40,41]，景观变化研究将越来越多地依赖于空间变化的决策支持系统[42]。景观服务的评估[43,44]，来自研究系统服务的可持续性2019,1124103/22，可能意味着景观变化的动力学研究方向。然而，开发这些地区的方法是必要的，以便在服务价值之间对其进行评估、监测、影响识别和景观转换，并提供具体的景观和地貌。他们的主要目标是在2000-2018年期间确定边界内景观转换的规模和性质，并对其进行评估。本研究确定了三个具体目标：（1）确定景观格局的形成和准备景观格局的分类Vermapsfor200020062012和2018for123landscapperparksinpoland，使用HEC（CLC）数据库。（2）确定HEC数据库的有效性HEC贬值其目的是促进下一个地区的就业，其中包括高地、高地和高地，本文提出了用社会科学的方法对景观变化进行验证的方法论基础。本文对景观变化中缺乏可用于监测景观变化的指标进行了研究。三种主要的方法学方法得到了验证：（1）它们的指标必须是不可接受的，即在分析期内迅速终止景观变化的水平；（2）他们的指标必须是通用的，并且可以周期性地发布数据；和（3）它们的指标必须是不同类型的区域。它们开发的景观变化指数基于这样的假设，即它们都会增加景观覆盖率，并增加景观覆盖率。由于分析主要是在国家土地覆盖率上进行的，这就提出了景观变化是否会影响景观覆盖率，他们通过对Experts-FieldWorkers的个人访谈来补充，直接管理和实施保护任务，特别是在心脏和头皮上。他们无法完全解决这些问题，拟议的方法将土地利用变化研究和社会科学相结合[45]。这与目前对景观变化领域的科学研究相一致[46-48]。寻找将使景观变化的动态评估成为可能的指标，而不仅仅是快速将讨论纳入方法学和景观审计[49,50]，波兰的土地管理工具，在这种管理工具下，土地单位的数量和性质都是非法的